Refineries in Russia and Belarus are reducing throughput, with some halting production, as they have been unable to place their output due to the reluctance of international buyers to take Russian-origin cargoes following Moscow's invasion of Ukraine.

According to estimates by market participants, around 4 million mt of capacity has been shut since Feb. 24, the day Russia invaded Ukraine. Russian refiners typically process around 25 million mt/month (around 5.9 million b/d).

Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak said April 7 that Russia's oil output in April could fall 4%-5% month on month due to financial and logistical difficulties. Novak, who was speaking to Russia 24 TV channel, also said there would also be "adjustments to refining, there will also be a decrease in refining volumes," adding that he did not expect this to affect domestic supplies, and exports would continue.

Some of the lower throughput is due to planned spring turnarounds, though in addition to those, a host of plants appear to have brought forward their works and extended them through June.

The maintenance schedule is encompassing a growing number of plants, including those in the key Samara and Ufa refinery hubs in central Russia and the Far East, and will involve both primary and secondary units.

Small and medium-sized refineries, which produce feedstock predominantly for export, are expected to run at around 50% of capacity in April.

Others have fully halted their output. At the beginning of March the Tuapse and Novoshakhtinsky plants in southern Russia reduced or fully stopped crude intake, as they were unable to ship production.

Tuapse previously exported more than 100,000 mt/month of VGO, but its exports have dropped to zero in April.

Despite their previous dependence on Russian vacuum gasoil, many European refineries have taken the decision to self-sanction Russian-origin products in response to the invasion of Ukraine. "There is just no demand for Russian VGO in Northwest Europe," a trader said.

Russian fuel oil has faced a similar response from international buyers, with mounting stocks putting pressure on domestic prices and refinery runs.

Earlier this week, local media reported that Russian oil major Lukoil was expecting potential refinery closures due to a lack of outlets for fuel oil and spare storage. Later, the company denied the information and said all its refineries were operating normally and finding homes for fuel oil.

However, problems placing Russian feedstock products have worsened.

Another widely exported Russian feedstock, naphtha, is facing avoidance not only internationally, but from domestic petrochemical buyers, themselves subject to sanctions pressure.

The Taif refinery is expected to halt processing this week, as an adjacent petrochemical company has decided to stop taking its naphtha. Petrochemical maker Nizhnekamskneftekhim told local media that its exports to European markets, its main outlet, have dropped since the end of February and individual contracts have been suspended.

Belarus plants almost halve throughput

The two refineries in Belarus have nearly halved their runs due to sanctions, local media uoted Prime Minister Roman Golovchenko as saying. Naftan currently processes 11,700 mt/day crude oil and Mozyr about 13,700 mt/day. They each have capacity of around 12 million mt/year, although have been processing less than that.

While the US and its partners have not imposed additional sanctions on Belarus' oil sector since the invasion, Belarus had already become reliant on Russian ports for its exports, and the ports are now being shunned by much of European industry.

Naftan also brought forward its planned maintenance to March after losing some export markets, with Ukraine the main one.

Belarus was the biggest source of Ukraine's oil product imports before the war, accounting for 41.9%, but Ukraine halted these after Russia invaded. In 2021, Belarus supplied 3.87 million mt of petroleum products to Ukraine.

Currently refineries in Belarus produce enough to supply the domestic market. In the past they had exported oil products, in particular gasoline, to Russia, but Russian refiners themselves are struggling to place their products.

Alternative destinations, domestic demand

With buyers in the West avoiding Russian products, Moscow is turning to buyers in the East.

In addition, exports have been ramped up to neighboring Central Asian countries.

Data emerged during the week that Russia increased significantly its oil product exports to China and Kazakhstan in March.

Fuel oil represented the bulk of its exports to China, with 394,200 mt supplied, 43.6% higher month on month, while gasoline exports to Kazakhstan increased 32-fold to 7,600 mt.

However, gasoline exports to Kazakhstan will not come close to offsetting the potential loss of more than 300,000 mt that Russia previously exported monthly.

While Russia traditionally has been short gasoline, the situation appears to be reversing amid an abundance of output countered by diminishing demand.

Russian domestic gasoline supply has been rising, as more naphtha is heading into the gasoline pool due to reduced exports and use by petrochemical plants.

Meanwhile, market participants are concerned that domestic demand is weak on poor prospects for domestic tourism to southern regions, due to the war in nearby Ukraine.

Diesel for the moment appears to be somewhat bucking the pressure of sanctions so far, with fairly typical exports in March, while the April export program from its Baltic port of Primorsk appears to be fairly normal, and domestic demand is drawing support from buying from the agricultural sector and the military.

However, there is growing doubt that these diesel flows will find homes in Europe. In March Russia exported around 2.513 million mt of diesel to Europe, but this is currently set to fall to around 452,000 mt in April so far, according to Kpler data.